Stems vs Multitracks

Overview

The terms Multitracks and Stems are used interchangeably by record labels, music attorneys, and producers.

What are multitracks?

Multitracks are the individual recorded elements of a song, and may be stereo or mono. Using a four-piece rock band as an example, the recording engineer miked the kick, snare, hi-hat, overheads, vocals, guitars and bass. Each of these recorded signals comprises a separate track. All of them together are a multitrack audio production.

Multitracks are often unprocessed to give the mixing engineer the greatest amount of flexibility when it comes time to put the puzzle together. Often they have very little EQ, compression and time-based effects that come into play during the mixing stage.

What are stems?

Stem mixing and mastering - Wikipedia

Stems are stereo bounces of pre-mixed elements. For instance, a drum stem would be a single stereo track of the entire recorded kit. While stems are useful for consolidating pre-mixed elements in a large session, they’re not of the greatest use when it comes to practicing our mixing skills. This is because a mixing engineer has already committed to signal processing choices and printed his or her tracks as a stem.

The ability to individually manipulate the kick, snare, hi-hat, etc., with multitracks is where we really learn what we’re doing. Sessions comprised solely of stems are typically created after the entire mixing process.

Stems are stereo submixes of components within a mix. This started years ago (even before the dawn of the DAW age), when we would print the finished MASTER mix for duplication (like on physical media such as vinyl, cassette, or CD). Then we’d print an INSTRUMENTAL mix (INST — instruments only with no vocals), a TV TRACK (full mix minus the lead vocal for use on TV shows when the artist is performing without a band, hence the name), and a VOX ONLY mix (lead vocal plus background vocals with no instruments). If you combined the INST mix with the VOX ONLY mix, then you could re-create the master, but the balance between the two (instruments and vocals) could be adjusted in mastering if necessary.

Once the labels discovered they could adjust volumes without going back for a remix, they began requesting INST only, BGVs only, and LEAD VOC only so they could balance those components in post. All these stereo submixes would have all the processing and reverb from the original mix but with certain elements missing (what is called “Mix Minus”). Then someone realized you could do the same with certain other instruments, as well, and have control after the fact.

Fast-forward to the early 21st century, and things got really crazy. For orchestral remixes, we might routinely print as many as 17 “stem” mixes (stereo submixes) of components, breaking it all the way down to the elements such as I list below. This allowed the labels to go back and make adjustments after the fact without engaging (or paying) the original mix engineer. Plus, they could use the stems to make gaming, performance, or practice tracks to sell — another revenue stream. (Nothing wrong with additional revenue streams, right?)

Here’s what stem mixes might look like for a single song.

DRUMS

BASS

GTRS

KEYS

PIANO

PERC LOOPS

LEAD VOC

BGVS

STRINGS

WOODWINDS

BRASS

HORNS

ORCH_PERC

HARP

Multitracks

When the original recording is done, individual tracks are designated for individual instruments. These may (or may not) include processing (EQ, compression, effects) on the individual parts, depending on the tracking engineer’s preference or skill level. When delivering multitracks for an overdub or mix session, the track listing will typically look like the following:

Kick

Snare_Over

Snare_Under

HiHat

Tom1

Tom2

Tom3

Overhead_L

Overhead_R

DrumRoom_L

DrumRoom_R

Piano_Lo

Piano_Hi

Keys_L

Keys_R

Bass_Dir

Bass_Amp

AcGtr

AcGtr_Double

ElecGtr_1

ElecGtr_2

Lead Vocal

BGV 1

BGV 2

BGV 3 . . .

BGV 4

and so on.

When you deliver the multitracks to a mix engineer, you want to make sure they have the original files to work with. You do not want to send a mixer just the stems with all the processing, balances, and compression already applied because then you are tying their hands and not allowing them the flexibility to do their job.